Compare Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of (2002) - Togo (2005)

Compare Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of (2002) z Togo (2005)

	Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of (2002)	Togo (2005)

Administrative divisions	123 municipalities (opstini, singular - opstina); Aracinovo, Bac, Belcista, Berovo, Bistrica, Bitola, Blatec, Bogdanci, Bogomila, Bogovinje, Bosilovo, Brvenica, Cair (Skopje), Capari, Caska, Cegrane, Centar (Skopje), Centar Zupa, Cesinovo, Cucer-Sandevo, Debar, Delcevo, Delogozdi, Demir Hisar, Demir Kapija, Dobrusevo, Dolna Banjica, Dolneni, Dorce Petrov (Skopje), Drugovo, Dzepciste, Gazi Baba (Skopje), Gevgelija, Gostivar, Gradsko, Ilinden, Izvor, Jegunovce, Kamenjane, Karbinci, Karpos (Skopje), Kavadarci, Kicevo, Kisela Voda (Skopje), Klecevce, Kocani, Konce, Kondovo, Konopiste, Kosel, Kratovo, Kriva Palanka, Krivogastani, Krusevo, Kuklis, Kukurecani, Kumanovo, Labunista, Lipkovo, Lozovo, Lukovo, Makedonska Kamenica, Makedonski Brod, Mavrovi Anovi, Meseista, Miravci, Mogila, Murtino, Negotino, Negotino-Polosko, Novaci, Novo Selo, Oblesevo, Ohrid, Orasac, Orizari, Oslomej, Pehcevo, Petrovec, Plasnica, Podares, Prilep, Probistip, Radovis, Rankovce, Resen, Rosoman, Rostusa, Samokov, Saraj, Sipkovica, Sopiste, Sopotnica, Srbinovo, Star Dojran, Staravina, Staro Nagoricane, Stip, Struga, Strumica, Studenicani, Suto Orizari (Skopje), Sveti Nikole, Tearce, Tetovo, Topolcani, Valandovo, Vasilevo, Velesta, Veles, Vevcani, Vinica, Vitoliste, Vranestica, Vrapciste, Vratnica, Vrutok, Zajas, Zelenikovo, Zeleno, Zitose, Zletovo, Zrnovci note: the seven municipalities followed by Skopje in parentheses collectively constitute "greater Skopje"	5 regions (regions, singular - region); Kara, Plateaux, Savanes, Centrale, Maritime
Age structure	0-14 years: 22.4% (male 239,638; female 221,446) 15-64 years: 67.2% (male 694,368; female 686,450) 65 years and over: 10.4% (male 94,214; female 118,684) (2002 est.)	0-14 years: 43.2% (male 1,232,759/female 1,224,060) 15-64 years: 54.2% (male 1,505,737/female 1,571,201) 65 years and over: 2.6% (male 60,799/female 86,963) (2005 est.)
Agriculture - products	rice, tobacco, wheat, corn, millet, cotton, sesame, mulberry leaves, citrus, vegetables; beef, pork, poultry, mutton	coffee, cocoa, cotton, yams, cassava (tapioca), corn, beans, rice, millet, sorghum; livestock; fish
Airports	17 (2001)	9 (2004 est.)
Airports - with paved runways	total: 10 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 under 914 m: 8 (2002)	total: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 (2004 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways	total: 7 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 4 (2002)	total: 7 914 to 1,523 m: 5 under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)
Area	total: 25,333 sq km land: 24,856 sq km water: 477 sq km	total: 56,785 sq km land: 54,385 sq km water: 2,400 sq km
Area - comparative	slightly larger than Vermont	slightly smaller than West Virginia
Background	International recognition of The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia's (F.Y.R.O.M.) independence from Yugoslavia in 1991 was delayed by Greece's objection to the new state's use of what it considered a Hellenic name and symbols. Greece finally lifted its trade blockade in 1995, and the two countries agreed to normalize relations, despite continued disagreement over F.Y.R.O.M.'s use of "Macedonia." F.Y.R.O.M.'s large Albanian minority, an ethnic Albanian armed insurgency in F.Y.R.O.M. in 2001, and the status of neighboring Kosovo continue to be sources of ethnic tension.	French Togoland became Togo in 1960. Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA, installed as military ruler in 1967, continued to rule well into the 21st century. Despite the facade of multiparty elections instituted in the early 1990s, the government continued to be dominated by President EYADEMA, whose Rally of the Togolese People (RPT) party maintained power almost continually since 1967. Togo has come under fire from international organizations for human rights abuses and is plagued by political unrest. While most bilateral and multilateral aid to Togo remains frozen, the European Union initiated a partial resumption of cooperation and development aid to Togo in late 2004. Upon his death in February 2005, President EYADEMA was succeeded by his son Faure GNASSINGBE. The succession, supported by the military and in contravention of the nation's constitution, was challenged by popular protest and a threat of sanctions from regional leaders. GNASSINGBE succumbed to pressure and agreed to hold elections in late April 2005.
Birth rate	13.35 births/1,000 population (2002 est.)	33.48 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Budget	revenues: $850 million expenditures: $950 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (2001 est.)	revenues: $239.2 million expenditures: $273.3 million, including capital expenditures of NA (2004 est.)
Capital	Skopje	Lome
Climate	warm, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall	tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north
Coastline	0 km (landlocked)	56 km
Constitution	adopted 17 November 1991, effective 20 November 1991 note: the Macedonian Parliament approved November 2001 a series of new constitutional amendments, strengthening minority rights	multiparty draft constitution approved by High Council of the Republic 1 July 1992, adopted by public referendum 27 September 1992
Country name	conventional long form: The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia conventional short form: none local long form: Republika Makedonija local short form: Makedonija abbreviation: F.Y.R.O.M.	conventional long form: Togolese Republic conventional short form: Togo local long form: Republique Togolaise local short form: none former: French Togoland
Currency	Macedonian denar (MKD)	-
Death rate	7.74 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.)	11.8 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Debt - external	$1.3 billion (2001 est.)	$1.4 billion (2000)
Diplomatic representation from the US	chief of mission: Ambassador Laurence Edward BUTLER embassy: bul. Ilinden bb, 1000 Skopje mailing address: American Embassy Skopje, Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-7120 (pouch) telephone: [389] (02) 116-180 FAX: [389] (02) 117-103	chief of mission: Ambassador Gregory ENGLE embassy: Angle Rue Kouenou and Rue 15 Beniglato, Lome mailing address: B. P. 852, Lome telephone: [228] 221 29 91 through 221 29 94 FAX: [228] 221 79 52
Diplomatic representation in the US	chief of mission: Ambassador Nikola DIMITROV chancery: Suite 302, 1101 30th Street NW, Washington, DC 20007 telephone: [1] (202) 337-3063 FAX: [1] (202) 337-3093 consulate(s) general: New York	chief of mission: Ambassador Akoussoulelou BODJONA chancery: 2208 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 234-4212 FAX: [1] (202) 232-3190
Disputes - international	dispute with Greece over country's name persists; 2001 FYROM-Yugoslavia boundary delimitation agreement, which adjusts former republic boundaries, was signed and ratified and awaits demarcation; ethnic Albanians in Kosovo dispute legitimacy of the agreement, which cedes small tracts of Kosovo lands to FYROM	in 2001 Benin claimed Togo moved boundary monuments - joint commission continues to resurvey the boundary
Economic aid - recipient	$150 million (2001 est.)	ODA $80 million (2000 est.)
Economy - overview	At independence in November 1991, Macedonia was the least developed of the Yugoslav republics, producing a mere 5% of the total federal output of goods and services. The collapse of Yugoslavia ended transfer payments from the center and eliminated advantages from inclusion in a de facto free trade area. An absence of infrastructure, UN sanctions on Yugoslavia, one of its largest markets, and a Greek economic embargo over a dispute about the country's constitutional name and flag hindered economic growth until 1996. GDP subsequently rose each year through 2000. However, the leadership's commitment to economic reform, free trade, and regional integration was undermined by the ethnic Albanian insurgency of 2001. The economy shrank 4.6% because of decreased trade, intermittent border closures, increased deficit spending on security needs, and investor uncertainty. Growth recovered moderately in 2002 but unemployment at one-third of the workforce remained a critical problem.	This small sub-Saharan economy is heavily dependent on both commercial and subsistence agriculture, which provides employment for 65% of the labor force. Some basic foodstuffs must still be imported. Cocoa, coffee, and cotton generate about 40% of export earnings, with cotton being the most important cash crop. Togo is the world's fourth-largest producer of phosphate, but production fell an estimated 22% in 2002 due to power shortages and the cost of developing new deposits. The government's decade-long effort, supported by the World Bank and the IMF, to implement economic reform measures, encourage foreign investment, and bring revenues in line with expenditures has moved slowly. Progress depends on following through on privatization, increased openness in government financial operations, progress toward legislative elections, and continued support from foreign donors.
Electricity - consumption	5.992 billion kWh (1999)	451.2 million kWh (2002)
Electricity - exports	30 million kWh (1999)	0 kWh (2002)
Electricity - imports	75 million kWh (1999)	350 million kWh; note - electricity supplied by Ghana (2002)
Electricity - production	6.395 billion kWh (1999)	108.8 million kWh (2002)
Electricity - production by source	fossil fuel: 82% hydro: 18% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (1999)	-
Elevation extremes	lowest point: Vardar River 50 m highest point: Golem Korab (Maja e Korabit) 2,753 m	lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m highest point: Mont Agou 986 m
Environment - current issues	air pollution from metallurgical plants	deforestation attributable to slash-and-burn agriculture and the use of wood for fuel; water pollution presents health hazards and hinders the fishing industry; air pollution increasing in urban areas
Environment - international agreements	party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements	party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Ethnic groups	Macedonian 66.6%, Albanian 22.7%, Turkish 4%, Roma 2.2%, Serb 2.1%, other 2.4% (1994)	native African (37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe, Mina, and Kabre) 99%, European and Syrian-Lebanese less than 1%
Exchange rates	Macedonian denars per US dollar - 64.757 (January 2001), 65.904 (2000), 56.902 (1999), 54.462 (1998), 50.004 (1997)	Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar - 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000)
Executive branch	chief of state: President Boris TRAJKOVSKI (since 15 December 1999) head of government: Prime Minister Branko CRVENKOVSKI (since 1 November 2002) cabinet: Council of Ministers elected by the majority vote of all the deputies in the Assembly; note - current cabinet formed by the government coalition parties VMRO-DPMNE, PDP, and DPA elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 14 November 1999 (next to be held NA October 2004); prime minister elected by the Assembly; election last held NA October 2002 (next to be held NA 2006) election results: Boris TRAJKOVSKI elected president on second-round ballot; percent of vote - Boris TRAJKOVSKI 52.4%, Tito PETKOVSKI 46.2%; Branko CRVENKOVSKI elected prime minister by Parliament with 72% of the vote	chief of state: President Faure GNASSINGBE (since 6 February 2005); note - Gnassingbe EYADEMA died on 5 February 2005 and was succeeded by his son, Faure GNASSINGBE; popular elections in April 2005 validated the succession head of government: Prime Minister Edem KODJO (since 8 June 2005) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president and the prime minister elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 24 April 2005 (next to be held NA); prime minister appointed by the president election results: Faure GNASSINGBE elected president; percent of vote - Faure GNASSINGBE 60.2%, Emmanuel Akitani BOB 38.3%, Nicolas LAWSON 1.0%, Harry OLYMPIO 0.6%
Exports	$1 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)	NA
Exports - commodities	food, beverages, tobacco; miscellaneous manufactures, iron and steel	reexports, cotton, phosphates, coffee, cocoa
Exports - partners	Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) 23.1%, Germany 20.6%, Greece 8.8%, Italy 8.6%, US 7.7% (2001)	Burkina Faso 16.4%, Ghana 15.1%, Benin 9.4%, Mali 7.6%, China 7.5%, India 5.6% (2004)
Fiscal year	calendar year	calendar year
Flag description	a rising yellow sun with eight rays extending to the edges of the red field	five equal horizontal bands of green (top and bottom) alternating with yellow; there is a white five-pointed star on a red square in the upper hoist-side corner; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
GDP	purchasing power parity - $10 billion (2002 est.)	-
GDP - composition by sector	agriculture: 11% industry: 31% services: 58% (2001 est.)	agriculture: 39.5% industry: 20.4% services: 40.1% (2003 est.)
GDP - per capita	purchasing power parity - $5,000 (2002 est.)	purchasing power parity - $1,600 (2004 est.)
GDP - real growth rate	3.8% (2002 est.)	3% (2004 est.)
Geographic coordinates	41 50 N, 22 00 E	8 00 N, 1 10 E
Geography - note	landlocked; major transportation corridor from Western and Central Europe to Aegean Sea and Southern Europe to Western Europe	the country's length allows it to stretch through six distinct geographic regions; climate varies from tropical to savanna
Highways	total: 8,684 km paved: 5,540 km (including 133 km of expressways) unpaved: 3,144 km (1997)	total: 7,520 km paved: 2,376 km unpaved: 5,144 km (1999 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share	lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%	lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA
Illicit drugs	major transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and hashish; minor transit point for South American cocaine destined for Europe; while money laundering is a problem on a local level due to organized crime activities, the lack of a well-developed financial infrastructure limits the country's utility as a money-laundering center	transit hub for Nigerian heroin and cocaine traffickers; money laundering not a significant problem
Imports	$1.6 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)	NA
Imports - commodities	machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels; food products	machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, petroleum products
Imports - partners	Germany 12.6%, Greece 10.9%, Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) 9.3%, Russia 8.3%, Slovenia 7.0% (2000)	China 25.5%, India 13.3%, France 11.5% (2004)
Independence	8 September 1991 referendum by registered voters endorsing independence (from Yugoslavia)	27 April 1960 (from French-administered UN trusteeship)
Industrial production growth rate	-5% (2002 est.)	NA
Industries	coal, metallic chromium, lead, zinc, ferronickel, textiles, wood products, tobacco, food processing, buses	phosphate mining, agricultural processing, cement; handicrafts, textiles, beverages
Infant mortality rate	12.54 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.)	total: 66.61 deaths/1,000 live births male: 74.24 deaths/1,000 live births female: 58.76 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices)	4% (2002 est.)	1% (2004 est.)
International organization participation	ACCT, BIS, CCC, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (observer)	ABEDA, ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC, ONUB, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNOCI, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO
Internet Service Providers (ISPs)	6 (2000)	-
Irrigated land	550 sq km (1998 est.)	70 sq km (1998 est.)
Judicial branch	Supreme Court - Parliament appoints the judges; Constitutional Court - Parliament appoints the judges; Republican Judicial Council - Parliament appoints the judges	Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel; Supreme Court or Cour Supreme
Labor force	1.1 million (2000 est.)	1.74 million (1996)
Labor force - by occupation	agriculture NA%, industry NA%, services NA%	agriculture 65%, industry 5%, services 30% (1998 est.)
Land boundaries	total: 766 km border countries: Albania 151 km, Bulgaria 148 km, Greece 246 km, Serbia and Montenegro 221 km	total: 1,647 km border countries: Benin 644 km, Burkina Faso 126 km, Ghana 877 km
Land use	arable land: 23.59% permanent crops: 1.85% other: 74.56% (1998 est.)	arable land: 46.15% permanent crops: 2.21% other: 51.64% (2001)
Languages	Macedonian 70%, Albanian 21%, Turkish 3%, Serbo-Croatian 3%, other 3%	French (official and the language of commerce), Ewe and Mina (the two major African languages in the south), Kabye (sometimes spelled Kabiye) and Dagomba (the two major African languages in the north)
Legal system	based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts	French-based court system
Legislative branch	unicameral Assembly or Sobranje (120 seats - 85 members are elected by popular vote, 35 members come from lists of candidates submitted by parties based on the percentage that a party gains from the overall vote; all serve four-year terms) elections: last held 15 September 2002 (next to be held NA 2006) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Together for Macedonia coalition 60, VMRO-DPMNE 33, Democratic Integrative Union 16, Democratic Party of Albanians 7, Party for Democratic Prosperity 2, National Democratic Party 1, Socialist Party of Macedonia 1	unicameral National Assembly (81 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: last held 27 October 2002 (next to be held NA 2007) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - RPT 72, RSDD 3, UDPS 2, Juvento 2, MOCEP 1, independents 1 note: two opposition parties boycotted the election, the Union of the Forces for Change, and the Action Committee for Renewal
Life expectancy at birth	total population: 74.26 years male: 72.01 years female: 76.68 years (2002 est.)	total population: 57.01 years male: 55.02 years female: 59.06 years (2005 est.)
Literacy	definition: NA total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA%	definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 60.9% male: 75.4% female: 46.9% (2003 est.)
Location	Southeastern Europe, north of Greece	Western Africa, bordering the Bight of Benin, between Benin and Ghana
Map references	Europe	Africa
Maritime claims	none (landlocked)	territorial sea: 30 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Merchant marine	-	total: 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 3,918 GRT/3,852 DWT by type: cargo 1, refrigerated cargo 1 (2005)
Military branches	Army (ARM), Air and Air Defense Forces, Police Force	Togolese Armed Forces (FAT): Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie (2005)
Military expenditures - dollar figure	$200 million (FY01/02 est.)	$35.5 million (2004)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP	6% (FY01/02 est.)	1.9% (2004)
Military manpower - availability	males age 15-49: 551,523 (2002 est.)	-
Military manpower - fit for military service	males age 15-49: 444,575 (2002 est.)	-
Military manpower - military age	19 years of age (2002 est.)	-
Military manpower - reaching military age annually	males: 17,905 (2002 est.)	-
National holiday	Uprising Day, 2 August (1903); note - also known as Saint Elijah's Day and Ilinden	Independence Day, 27 April (1960)
Nationality	noun: Macedonian(s) adjective: Macedonian	noun: Togolese (singular and plural) adjective: Togolese
Natural hazards	high seismic risks	hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility in north during winter; periodic droughts
Natural resources	chromium, lead, zinc, manganese, tungsten, nickel, low-grade iron ore, asbestos, sulfur, timber, arable land	phosphates, limestone, marble, arable land
Net migration rate	-1.49 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.)	0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Pipelines	10 km	-
Political parties and leaders	Democratic Alternative or DA [Vasil TUPURKOVSKI, president]; Democratic Integrative Union [leader NA]; Democratic Party of Albanians or DPA [Arben XHAFERI, president]; Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization-Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity or VMRO-DPMNE [Ljubcho GEORGIEVSKI, president]; Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization-True Macedonian Reform Option or VMRO-VMRO [Boris STOJMANOV]; Liberal Democratic Party or LDP [Risto GUSTERVO]; Liberal Party [leader NA]; National Democratic Party or MPDK [Kastriot HAXHISEXHA]; Party for Democratic Prosperity or PDP [Imeri IMERI, president]; Social-Democratic Alliance of Macedonia or SDSM (former Communist Party) [Branko CRVENKOVSKI, president]; Socialist Party of Macedonia or SP [Ljubisav IVANOV, president]; Together for Macedonia coalition (including the Social Democrats) [leader NA]; Union of Romanies of Macedonia or SRM [leader NA]	Juvento [Monsilia DJATO]; Movement of the Believers of Peace and Equality or MOCEP [leader NA]; Rally for the Support for Development and Democracy or RSDD [Harry OLYMPIO]; Rally of the Togolese People or RPT [Faure GNASSINGBE]; Union for Democracy and Social Progress or UDPS [Gagou KOKOU] note: Rally of the Togolese People or RPT, led by President GNASSINGBE, was the only party until the formation of multiple parties was legalized 12 April 1991
Political pressure groups and leaders	NA	NA
Population	2,054,800 note: a Framework Agreement ratified by Macedonia on 16 November 2001 calls for a new census in 2002 (July 2002 est.)	5,681,519 note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2005 est.)
Population below poverty line	24% (2001 est.)	32% (1989 est.)
Population growth rate	0.41% (2002 est.)	2.17% (2005 est.)
Ports and harbors	none	Kpeme, Lome
Radio broadcast stations	AM 29, FM 20, shortwave 0 (1998)	AM 2, FM 9, shortwave 4 (1998)
Radios	410,000 (1997)	-
Railways	total: 699 km standard gauge: 699 km 1.435-m gauge (233 km electrified) note: a 56-km extension of the Kumanovo-Beljakovce line to the Bulgarian border at Gyueshevo is under construction (2001)	total: 568 km narrow gauge: 568 km 1.000-m gauge (2004)
Religions	Macedonian Orthodox 67%, Muslim 30%, other 3%	indigenous beliefs 51%, Christian 29%, Muslim 20%
Sex ratio	at birth: 1.08 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.08 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female total population: 1 male(s)/female (2002 est.)	at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2005 est.)
Suffrage	18 years of age; universal	NA years of age; universal adult
Telephone system	general assessment: NA domestic: NA international: NA	general assessment: fair system based on a network of microwave radio relay routes supplemented by open-wire lines and a mobile cellular system domestic: microwave radio relay and open-wire lines for conventional system; cellular system has capacity of 10,000 telephones international: country code - 228; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Symphonie
Telephones - main lines in use	408,000 (1997)	60,600 (2003)
Telephones - mobile cellular	12,362 (1997)	220,000 (2003)
Television broadcast stations	31 (plus 166 repeaters) (1995)	3 (plus two repeaters) (1997)
Terrain	mountainous territory covered with deep basins and valleys; three large lakes, each divided by a frontier line; country bisected by the Vardar River	gently rolling savanna in north; central hills; southern plateau; low coastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshes
Total fertility rate	1.77 children born/woman (2002 est.)	4.61 children born/woman (2005 est.)
Unemployment rate	35% (2002 est.)	NA (2003 est.)
Waterways	note: lake transport only, on the Greek and Albanian borders	50 km (seasonally on Mono River depending on rainfall) (2003)

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